October 6, 2025, Stockholm: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 has been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their revolutionary discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance. The trio’s groundbreaking work identified regulatory T cells—the immune system’s “security guards”—that prevent the body from attacking itself.
Table of Contents
The 2025 Medicine Nobel Prize Winners
| Laureate | Age | Affiliation | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary E. Brunkow | 64 | Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle | USA |
| Fred Ramsdell | 64 | Sonoma Biotherapeutics, San Francisco | USA |
| Shimon Sakaguchi | 74 | Osaka University, Japan | Japan |
The three scientists will share the 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately $1.17 million) prize money and receive their medals from Sweden’s king on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.
Why They Won: Understanding Immune Tolerance
The Critical Discovery
The Medicine Nobel Prize 2025 recognizes work that fundamentally changed our understanding of how the immune system protects us without harming our own tissues. As detailed in our immunology breakthroughs coverage, this discovery addresses a crucial biological puzzle: how does the immune system distinguish between harmful invaders and the body’s own cells?
Sakaguchi’s 1995 Breakthrough
In 1995, Shimon Sakaguchi made the first key discovery while “swimming against the tide” of conventional scientific thinking. At that time, researchers believed immune tolerance only developed through central tolerance—the elimination of potentially harmful immune cells in the thymus. Sakaguchi revealed a more complex system by discovering a previously unknown class of immune cells: regulatory T cells (T-regs).
Brunkow and Ramsdell’s Contribution
Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell identified the crucial FOXP3 gene that controls the development of regulatory T cells. They discovered this through studying the “scurfy mutation” in mice, which revealed how genetic defects could lead to severe autoimmune conditions.
Medical Impact and Future Treatments
Current Clinical Applications
According to Nobel Committee chair Olle Kämpe: “Their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases.”
The research has spawned:
- Over 200 ongoing clinical trials involving regulatory T cells
- Potential treatments for autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis)
- Novel cancer immunotherapies
- Prevention of stem cell transplant complications
As covered in our medical research innovations, these discoveries represent a new frontier in personalized medicine.
Pharmaceutical Development
Several biotech companies are racing to develop therapies:
- Sonoma Biotherapeutics (co-founded by Ramsdell) – partnered with Regeneron
- Quell Therapeutics – partnered with AstraZeneca
- BlueRock (Bayer subsidiary) – exploring T-reg therapies
While no specific therapies have gained market clearance yet, Thomas Perlmann of the Nobel Assembly noted the promising pipeline of treatments under development.
How the Discovery Works
The Immune System’s Delicate Balance
Every day, our immune system faces thousands of microbes attempting invasion. Many have developed camouflage resembling human cells. The laureates’ work explained how regulatory T cells act as security guards, constantly monitoring and preventing immune cells from mistakenly attacking the body’s own organs.
Beyond Central Tolerance
Before this discovery, scientists believed immune tolerance occurred only through central tolerance in the thymus. The laureates revealed peripheral immune tolerance—an additional layer of protection operating throughout the body, providing continuous surveillance against autoimmune reactions.
Nobel Prize Week Schedule
The Medicine Nobel Prize 2025 announcement kicks off Nobel Week:
- Monday, October 6: Physiology or Medicine ✓
- Tuesday, October 7: Physics
- Wednesday, October 8: Chemistry
- Thursday, October 9: Literature
- Friday, October 10: Peace Prize
- Monday, October 13: Economics
Follow our Nobel Prize 2025 comprehensive coverage for all announcements.
Historical Significance
Women in Science Recognition
Mary Brunkow becomes the 14th woman to receive the Medicine Nobel Prize since 1901, joining an elite group that includes:
- Gerty Cori (1947) – glucose metabolism
- Barbara McClintock (1983) – genetic transposition
- Tu Youyou (2015) – malaria therapy
- Katalin Karikó (2023) – mRNA vaccine technology
As we’ve highlighted in our women in STEM spotlight, this recognition continues the important trend of acknowledging female scientists’ contributions.
Timeline: Discovery to Recognition
The Medicine Nobel Prize 2025 demonstrates how groundbreaking discoveries often require decades for full recognition:
- 1995: Sakaguchi’s initial discovery of regulatory T cells
- 2001: Brunkow and Ramsdell identify FOXP3 gene
- 2025: Nobel Prize recognition after 30 years
This 30-year gap reflects the time needed to fully understand the discovery’s significance and clinical applications.
Reactions and Celebrations
Brunkow’s Humble Response
Brunkow received the news at her Seattle home from an AP photographer after initially ignoring the Nobel Committee’s call. “My phone rang and I saw a number from Sweden and thought: ‘That’s just spam of some sort,'” she recalled. When informed, she responded, “Don’t be ridiculous.”
Scientific Community Praise
The announcement generated worldwide celebration in the immunology community, with researchers praising the work’s fundamental importance to understanding human health and disease.
Bottom Line
The Medicine Nobel Prize 2025 honors three scientists whose curiosity-driven research transformed our understanding of immune system regulation. Their discoveries about regulatory T cells and peripheral immune tolerance have opened entirely new avenues for treating autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant complications. As over 200 clinical trials continue exploring these therapeutic possibilities, the laureates’ work promises to benefit millions of patients worldwide. The prize demonstrates how fundamental biological discoveries, even those initially met with skepticism, can revolutionize medicine when scientists persist in challenging conventional wisdom.
Stay updated with Nobel Prize 2025 announcements by following our science news section and medical breakthroughs coverage.
Official Resources:
